Tamil Arts Volume33 Divine Beauty and Symbolism: The Peacock in Yazidi
and Hindu Worship Kala Nagaswamy
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Invocation

Lord Ganapathi

கஜவதான கஜானனா| கொளரி புத்திரா கஜானனா || பாசாங்குச தரா கஜானனா| பரம புருஷஸ்ரீ கஜானனா|| முநிஜான வந்திட கஜானனா|| சித்திவிநாயக கஜானனா| சிவகண நந்தன கஜானனா|| ஏக தந்தா கஜானனா| ஏஹி வந்தனம் கஜானனா|| Lyrics composed by N.Kala

Lord Muruga

முருகா உன் நாமம் கேட்டு உருகாதோ உள்ளம் வேலவா | நின் பாதாரா விந்தம் (பாதம்) வணங்குது எனதுள்ளம்|| சங்கரனின் நெற்றிக் கண்ணில் உதித்தோனே| கார்த்திகை பெண்கள் கரங்களில் வளர்ந்தோனே|| மாயவன் மருகோனே முருகோனே வா| குன்றாடும் குமரோனே குருபரனே வா|| தந்தைக்கு உபதேசம் செய்த தகப்பன் சுவாமியே| உன் விந்தைக்கு ஓர் அளவில்லையே|| நின் தாயோ உமை அன்னையே கண்டிக் கதிர்வேலா| நின் தமையோனே கரிமுக கணநாதானே|| தேவயானி மணாளனே சேவற்கொடியோனே| மயில் வாகனனே வள்ளி மனமோஹனனே|| நான்முகன் தன்னை சிறை கொண்டோனே| சூரனை செந்தூரில் வதம் செய்தோனே|| கந்தனே கடம்பனே இடும்பனே என்ற முருகனே| சக்திவடி வேலவா பக்தியுடன் உன்னை சரணடனைந்தேனே|| Lyrics composed by N.Kala

Abstract

The visit of Baba Sheikh Khurto Hajji Ismail, the spiritual leader of the Yazidi community, to the Murugan Temple of North America in Washington, D.C., serves as a profound symbol of interfaith harmony and shared spiritual values. Both Yazidism and Hinduism revere the peacock as a divine symbol, with the Yazidis associating it with Melek Taus, the Peacock Angel, and Hindus connecting it to Lord Murugan, a deity of wisdom and victory. This visit, highlighted by the observation of the Skanda Sashti Soora Samharam rituals, emphasized the Yazidi leader's message of peace and unity. By participating in the Hindu ceremonies, Baba Sheikh reinforced the Yazidis' commitment to non-violence and global harmony, fostering a dialogue of mutual respect between these ancient traditions. The visit of Baba Sheikh to the Murugan Temple highlights the enduring power of shared symbols and values in bridging cultural and religious divides. Through his participation in the rituals and prayers for peace, the Yazidi leader demonstrated the potential for interfaith engagements to promote mutual understanding and harmony. This event underscores the importance of focusing on commonalities—such as the reverence for the peacock in Yazidism and Hinduism—as a means of fostering dialogue and collaboration among diverse faiths. In a world often marked by division, such gestures of solidarity remind us of the unifying power of spirituality and the shared human aspiration for peace and coexistence. Keywords: Peacock symbolism, Yazidi tradition, Hindu worship, Melek Taus, Lord Subramanya, divine beauty, cosmic harmony, interfaith parallels, sacred rituals, cultural symbolism, vahana, Qewls, Vedic hymns, spiritual interconnectedness, universal symbols.

Introduction

Symbols have long served as bridges between the spiritual and the material world, embodying profound truths and guiding human understanding of the divine. Among these, the peacock stands out as a universally revered symbol, representing beauty, wisdom, and cosmic harmony. Across cultures and traditions, this majestic bird is imbued with spiritual significance, connecting humanity to higher realms of existence. In Yazidism, the peacock represents Melek Taus, the Peacock Angel, who embodies divine guidance, light, and the balance of creation. Melek Taus is central to Yazidi theology, revered for his role as a caretaker of the universe and a mediator between humanity and the divine. Rituals, hymns (Qewls), and sacred art in Yazidism prominently feature the peacock, reflecting its importance in their cosmology. Similarly, in Hinduism, the peacock is deeply intertwined with the worship of Lord Subramanya (Murugan), a deity of wisdom, war, and enlightenment. The peacock serves as his vahana (vehicle), symbolizing the triumph of spiritual knowledge over ego and ignorance. Festivals, temple art, and sacred texts highlight the peacock as a symbol of purity, victory, and divine grace. This paper explores the shared symbolism of the peacock in Yazidi and Hindu traditions, examining its role in rituals, hymns, and cultural practices. By analyzing these parallels, the study sheds light on the universal spiritual ideals embodied by the peacock, fostering a deeper understanding of its role as a symbol of divine beauty and interconnectedness across faiths.

The Yazidis

    Figure 1: Peacock Angel of Yazidis (Source: Ezidi shrine of Sharaf al-Deen nestled into the Shingal mountains near Sinune village 06 - Tawûsî Melek - Wikipedia)
  • (a) Ezidi shrine of Sharaf al-Deen nestled into the Shingal mountains near Sinune village
  • (b) Melek Taûs, the Peacock Angel
  • (c) Melek Taus, the peaclcik angel. This emblem feaurs Tawusi Melek in th center, the Sumerian digir on the left, and the domes Sheik ‘Adi’s’ tomb on the right
The Yazidis (sometimes spelled Yezidis) are a religious and ethnic minority group primarily found in the Middle East, particularly in northern Iraq, as well as in smaller communities in Syria, Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, and diaspora populations in Europe and North America. Here is an overview of the Yazidis:

Religion

  1. Beliefs: Yazidism is a monotheistic religion that incorporates elements of Zoroastrianism, Islam, Christianity, and ancient Mesopotamian religions. It is unique and distinct from these faiths but shares similarities in some practices and beliefs.
  2. Sacred Texts: Their sacred texts include the Kitêba Cilwe (Book of Revelation) and the Mishefa Reş (Black Book).
  3. Central Figure: Yazidis revere Melek Taus, the Peacock Angel, as a central figure in their faith. They believe Melek Taus serves as a mediator between God and humanity.
  4. Spiritual Practices: The Yazidis have a rich tradition of oral literature, sacred hymns, and rituals tied to nature and their cultural heritage.

Culture

  1. Kurmanji Dialect: Yazidis primarily speak Kurmanji, a northern Kurdish dialect. It serves as a key element of their cultural identity.
  2. Cultural Practices: Yazidis have a rich cultural history, with unique traditions, music, and dances integral to their community and religious ceremonies.

Community and Resilience

  1. Diaspora: Due to historical persecution, there are Yazidi diaspora communities worldwide, particularly in Germany, which has one of the largest Yazidi populations outside of the Middle East.
  2. Survival: Despite challenges, Yazidis have shown remarkable resilience, striving to preserve their cultural and religious identity while advocating for justice and recognition for the atrocities committed against them.
  3. Oral Tradition: Yazidi culture is deeply rooted in oral literature, including hymns, stories, and poetry, which are transmitted through generations by religious leaders and community elders.

Traditional Practices

Festivals and Celebrations:

  1. The New Year (Sere Sal): Celebrated in April, it is one of their most important holidays, marked by decorating eggs and lighting lamps.
  2. The Feast of the Assembly (Cejna Cemaiya): Held in autumn at Lalish, their holiest site, it includes prayers, rituals, and communal gatherings.
  3. Ezi Day: A festival honoring their religious figure Sultan Ezid, often involving fasting and feasting.
  4. Marriage: Yazidis marry within their community (endogamy) and strictly adhere to caste systems (e.g., Mirids, Pirs, Sheikhs). Interfaith marriages are not permitted.

Arts and Music

  1. Music: Music plays a vital role in rituals and storytelling. The Qewals, religious singers, preserve Yazidi hymns and prayers.
  2. Dance: Traditional dances are part of their festivals and ceremonies, reflecting communal joy and spirituality.

Cuisine

  1. Staples: Yazidi cuisine includes grains, vegetables, and dairy. Dishes like dolma (stuffed grape leaves) and flatbreads are common.
  2. Hospitality: Sharing meals is a vital aspect of Yazidi culture, reflecting their sense of community.

History

  1. Origins: Yazidism is believed to be an ancient faith with roots in pre-Islamic Mesopotamian religions, possibly dating back thousands of years. It integrates influences from Zoroastrianism, Mithraism, and ancient Assyrian beliefs.
  2. Medieval Period: During the Islamic caliphates, Yazidis faced periods of coexistence but also persecution for their distinct religious beliefs. Misinterpretations of their veneration of Melek Taus led to accusations of "devil worship." Many Yazidis fled to the mountains or became refugees. Survivors advocate for recognition of the genocide and justice for the atrocities.
  3. Diaspora: Displacement from their homeland has led to large Yazidi communities in Europe, particularly in Germany, where they continue to preserve their identity and culture.

Melek Taus (The Peacock Angel):

Melek Taus is the central figure of Yazidi theology, seen as God’s representative on Earth. Yazidis honor him as a symbol of divine wisdom, light, and beauty. Misinterpretations of their veneration of Melek Taus have led to false accusations of devil worship.

Sacred Sites

  1. Lalish: Located in northern Iraq, it is the holiest site for Yazidis. Pilgrimage to Lalish is a key religious obligation.
  2. Shrines: Numerous shrines dedicated to saints and religious figures dot the Yazidi homeland.
Figure 2: The Lalish Temple
Figure 3: Daily Prayer at the Lalish Temple

Religious Texts

The Yazidis’ sacred texts, including the Kitêba Cilwe (Book of Revelation) and the Mishefa Reş (Black Book), outline their theology and moral principles.

Spiritual Leaders

The Yazidi hierarchy includes:

Rituals and Practices

  1. Prayer: Yazidis pray facing the sun, acknowledging its life-giving power.
  2. Purity and Taboo: Ritual purity is central to Yazidi practices, and certain foods or colors (e.g., blue) are considered taboo.
  3. Baptism: Performed at Lalish, it is a significant rite of passage.

Challenges and Resilience

Despite centuries of persecution, Yazidis have shown remarkable resilience, preserving their faith and culture through oral traditions and communal solidarity. International advocacy efforts have brought attention to their plight, particularly after the 2014 genocide, yet challenges remain in securing justice, recognition, and rebuilding their homeland.

Mythology and Cosmology

Yazidi mythology is deeply spiritual and tied to their understanding of the cosmos. It reflects a blend of ancient Mesopotamian, Zoroastrian, and Abrahamic influences.

Creation of the World

God created the universe and entrusted its care to seven holy beings, with Melek Taus (the Peacock Angel) as the leader. The world was formed through the cosmic egg, an idea echoing ancient creation myths.

Role of Melek Taus

Melek Taus symbolizes God’s light and wisdom. After being created, he refused to bow to Adam, not out of disobedience but to honor God, as he was instructed to serve God alone. This act, often misunderstood, forms a key part of Yazidi theology.

The Sacred Peacock

The peacock, associated with divine beauty and light, is a recurring motif. Yazidis depict Melek Taus as a peacock and believe he radiates God's grace.

Sacred Symbols

  1. The Sun: Worship of the sun is integral to Yazidi practice, symbolizing the light of God.
  2. The Snake: In Yazidi tradition, the snake is a protector, unlike its representation in some Abrahamic traditions.
  • Figure 4: Engraved symbols on the walls of Yazidis Sun Temple (source: https://kirkuknow.com/en/news/63175)
  • Figure 5: Lalish Temple in Duhok Province (Source: https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/270120231)
  • Figure 6: Yazidis Religious temple – Sun symbol (Source https://informacionpublica.svet.gob.gt/el-filibusterismo-kabanata-16/el-filibusterismo-kabanata-16/yazidi-religious-symbol-dome-yazidi-temple-ziarat-armenia-village-mm-eQ3rmJT2)

Social Structure

The Yazidi community has a structured caste system that governs social and religious interactions. This system ensures the preservation of their cultural and religious identity.

Caste System

  1. Mirids (Commoners): The majority of the Yazidi population. They engage in agriculture, trade, and other professions.
  2. Sheikhs: Spiritual leaders who guide the religious practices of the community.
  3. Pirs: Religious scholars and advisors.
  4. Mir: The highest religious and community leader, responsible for maintaining traditions and representing the Yazidis.

Rules and Customs

  1. Endogamy: Marriages must occur within the Yazidi community and caste.
  2. Taboos: Interaction with outsiders is historically restricted to preserve the purity of their faith. Conversion into or out of Yazidism is not permitted.

Role of Women

Women play a vital role in Yazidi culture and community resilience. However, traditional norms often limit their participation in leadership roles. Recent efforts, especially in diaspora communities, advocate for greater gender equality.

Cultural Preservation

Despite challenges, Yazidis have taken proactive steps to preserve their culture and faith:
  1. Education: Yazidis are focusing on educating the younger generation about their history and traditions.
  2. Documentation: Efforts to record oral histories and sacred hymns have intensified to ensure their survival.
  3. Advocacy: Yazidi leaders, including Nadia Murad, a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, have brought global attention to their community’s plight.
The Yazidi story is one of resilience and rich cultural heritage. From their ancient origins and cosmological beliefs to their modern struggles, Yazidis remain a symbol of strength and perseverance in the face of adversity.

Yazidi Mythology: Deeper Insights

Yazidi mythology provides a profound spiritual lens through which they view the cosmos and humanity's place in it. Key elements include their unique creation story, reverence for natural elements, and sacred beings.

Seven Holy Beings

  1. God entrusted the care of the universe to seven angels, led by Melek Taus.
  2. These beings are intermediaries between God and humanity, ensuring harmony in the cosmos.

Creation of Adam and Eve

In Yazidi mythology, Adam was created first, and Eve was formed from the light of his essence rather than his rib, as in Abrahamic traditions. A symbolic test of purity followed: Adam and Eve were each given a bowl of water. Adam’s bowl overflowed, symbolizing the creation of the Yazidi people, who they believe are the pure descendants of Adam alone.

The Peacock Angel

Melek Taus’ refusal to bow to Adam is a central theme. This act of loyalty to God is seen as an affirmation of divine hierarchy and wisdom.
  • Figure 7: Murugan and Yazidi’s angel (Source:https://yavuztellioglu.blogspot.com/2015/08/melek-taus-tawuse-melek.html)
  • Figure 8: The Snake: In Yazidi tradition, the snake is a protector, unlike its representation in some Abrahamic traditions. (Source: https://kirkuknow.com/en/news/63175)
He is believed to guide humanity with compassion, inspiring personal and communal growth.

The Role of Lalish

Lalish is not only the geographic center of Yazidi spirituality but also mythologically linked to creation. Yazidis believe that the cosmic egg cracked here, birthing the universe.

Notable Figures: Nadia Murad

Who is Nadia Murad?

Nadia Murad is a Yazidi activist, survivor of captivity, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate (2018). Born in Kocho, a Yazidi village in Sinjar, she was 21 years old when ISIS attacked her community.

Survivor to Advocate

Nadia was captured and sold into slavery, enduring unspeakable violence before escaping to Germany. Her story became a beacon for the Yazidi community, shedding light on the atrocities they faced.

Contributions

  1. Advocacy: Nadia founded the Nadia’s Initiative, an organization dedicated to rebuilding communities in crisis and advocating for Yazidis.
  2. Memoir: Her book, The Last Girl: My Story of Captivity, and My Fight Against the Islamic State, documents her harrowing experiences and calls for global action.
  3. Global Recognition: By winning the Nobel Peace Prize, Nadia brought unparalleled attention to the plight of Yazidi women and the genocide.

Future Directions for Yazidis

The Yazidi community is working on:
  1. Reconstruction of Sinjar: Rebuilding infrastructure, homes, and sacred sites in Sinjar is a top priority.
  2. Education and Preservation: Younger generations are being educated in Yazidi traditions and history, both in the homeland and diaspora.
  3. Advocacy for Rights: Leaders and activists are pushing for legal recognition of the genocide and reparations for survivors.
  4. Global Solidarity: Partnerships with international organizations aim to ensure long-term support for Yazidis.
The Yazidi story is a testament to resilience and faith. Their mythology reflects profound spiritual wisdom, while their recent history highlights their ongoing struggle for survival and recognition. Figures like Nadia Murad exemplify their strength and determination to secure justice and preserve their heritage.

Yazidi Traditions

Yazidis have a rich tapestry of traditions that connect their faith, culture, and daily lives. Here are some highlights:

Religious Practices

Daily Prayer: Yazidis pray three times a day, facing the sun, as a symbol of divine light and life. Prayer rituals are conducted in Kurmanji, their sacred language.

Pilgrimage to Lalish:

Every Yazidi is expected to make at least one pilgrimage to Lalish, their holiest site, in their lifetime. Rituals at Lalish include lighting oil lamps, performing baptisms, and kissing the sacred doors.

Fasting:

Yazidis observe an annual three-day fast called Rojiyet Ezi (Fast of Ezi) in honor of Sultan Ezid. Fasting is accompanied by prayers and a communal feast at its conclusion.

Celebrations:

  1. Sere Sal (New Year): Celebrated in April, it involves decorating eggs and lighting lamps to symbolize renewal.
  2. Feast of the Assembly (Cejna Cemaiya): A week-long gathering at Lalish with prayers, music, and communal meals.

Cultural Taboos

Purity Rules:

Certain foods and colors, like blue, are traditionally avoided as they are considered impure or sacred. Marriages and other significant events must align with specific Yazidi spiritual customs.

Endogamy:

Yazidis strictly marry within their community to preserve the purity of their religion. Marrying outside the Yazidi faith often leads to exclusion from the community.

Art and Music

Sacred Hymns (Qewls):

  1. Passed down orally, these hymns narrate Yazidi myths and prayers.
  2. They are performed by Qewals, religious singers who play the tambour and flute during ceremonies.
Figure 9: Feast of the Assembly (Cejna Cemaiya): A week-long gathering at Lalish with prayers, music, and communal meals.

Dance and Festivities:

Traditional dances are performed during festivals, often in a circular formation, symbolizing unity and the cycles of life.

Cultural Preservation

Diaspora communities have established cultural centers and schools to teach Yazidi language, history, and traditions. Efforts to digitally document sacred texts, hymns, and oral histories aim to preserve them for future generations.

Educational Initiatives

Scholarships and programs support Yazidi students, especially girls, in pursuing education to rebuild their communities. Digital platforms are being used to share Yazidi culture and history globally.

Similarities Between Yazidi Worship and the Worship of Lord Subramanya

The Yazidi traditions and their religious symbols have intriguing similarities with the worship of Lord Subramanya (also known as Kartikeya or Murugan) in Hinduism. Both faiths share symbolic elements such as the peacock, lamp lighting, and snake motifs, alongside a strong connection to nature and spirituality. Below is a detailed exploration of these aspects, along with a comparison of their temple architecture.

1. The Peacock as a Sacred Symbol

Yazidis:
  1. The peacock represents Melek Taus, the Peacock Angel, who is the central figure of Yazidi theology. He embodies divine wisdom, light, and beauty.
  2. Melek Taus is often depicted in their hymns and ceremonies as a radiant being associated with cosmic order and guidance.
Hinduism (Lord Subramanya):
  1. The peacock is the vahana (vehicle) of Lord Subramanya. It symbolizes victory, beauty, and the destruction of ego and ignorance.
  2. The peacock in Hinduism is also seen as a guardian of divine energy and a symbol of nature's harmony.

2. Lamp Lighting

  1. Yazidis: Lighting oil lamps is a central ritual in Yazidi temples, especially at Lalish, their holiest site. The lamps symbolize enlightenment, divine guidance, and the eternal presence of God. Lamps are lit during festivals like the Feast of the Assembly and the New Year.
  2. Hinduism: In Hindu temples, lighting oil lamps (often called deepam) is a daily ritual. It signifies the removal of darkness (ignorance) and the welcoming of divine knowledge. Special occasions, like Kartikeya festivals, often feature large lamp-lighting ceremonies.

3. Snake Motifs

  1. Yazidis: Snakes are seen as protectors in Yazidi mythology. A black snake is said to have saved the Yazidi people by sealing the entrance of Lalish when they were under threat. Snake motifs are sometimes found in Yazidi sacred art and oral traditions.
  2. Hinduism: Snakes (Nagas) are revered in Hindu traditions, particularly in the worship of Lord Subramanya. They symbolize fertility, protection, and the cyclical nature of life. Snake worship is prominent in Subramanya temples, where they are often depicted in carvings or represented by stone idols.

Comparison of Yazidi Temple Architecture and Hindu Subramanya Temples

Yazidi Temples (Lalish)

Structure and Layout: The Lalish Temple in northern Iraq is the spiritual center of Yazidis. It is nestled in a mountainous area, emphasizing harmony with nature. The temple is modest in structure, with cone-shaped domes (often striped or adorned with sacred symbols). The temple has sacred springs and oil lamps used in rituals. Stone carvings and inscriptions often include peacocks and sun symbols. Symbolism:
  1. Every architectural element represents spiritual concepts, such as the domes symbolizing the cosmic egg.
  2. The temple's natural setting reinforces Yazidi connections to the earth and the cosmos.

Hindu Subramanya Temples (e.g., Palani, Tiruchendur)

Structure and Layout: Hindu temples dedicated to Lord Subramanya are grand and intricate, often located on hills (e.g., Palani Hill Temple) or near water bodies (e.g., Tiruchendur Temple). They feature gopurams (ornate entrance towers) and elaborate carvings depicting deities, animals, and nature. The sanctum sanctorum (garbha griha) houses the main idol of Subramanya, often accompanied by his vahana, the peacock. Symbolism:
  1. The peacock, snake, and vel (spear) are central motifs in temple architecture.
  2. The temple's design aligns with Vastu Shastra principles, emphasizing cosmic harmony.

Key Comparisons

Aspect Yazidi Temples Hindu Subramanya Temples
Primary Symbol Peacock (Melek Taus) Peacock (Lord Subramanya’s vahana)
Sacred Ritual Lighting oil lamps Lighting deepams
Snake Symbolism Protector in mythology Fertility and protection
Temple Setting Remote, natural sites (e.g., Lalish) Hills and seashores (e.g., Palani, Tiruchendur)
Architectural Style Simple, cone-shaped domes Ornate gopurams, garbha griha, and mandapas
Water Features Sacred springs Tanks or nearby rivers for ablution

Philosophical Parallels

Both Yazidism and Hinduism emphasize cosmic balance, divine wisdom, and a close relationship between spirituality and nature. The peacock in both traditions signifies divine beauty and the triumph of good over evil. Lamp lighting reflects the universal theme of enlightenment, bridging darkness and ignorance with divine light. The Yazidi and Hindu traditions showcase deep reverence for nature, symbolic rituals, and spiritual architecture that align humanity with the divine. While separated by geography and time, these faiths reflect shared human aspirations for harmony and enlightenment.

4. Temple Comparison: Side-by-Side

Aspect Yazidi Temple (Lalish) Hindu Subramanya Temple (e.g., Palani)
Location Remote mountainous regions Hilltops or coastal areas
Primary Symbols Peacock (Melek Taus), Snake, Sun Peacock (Vahana), Snake (Naga), Vel
Lamp Ritual Oil lamps during pilgrimages Deepam during daily worship and festivals
Architectural Style Simple, natural stone, conical domes Ornate, grand gopurams, mandapas, and sanctums
Purpose of Water Sacred springs for purification Temple tanks and rivers for ablutions

Significance of Baba Sheikh Khurto Hajji Ismail, the spiritual leader of the Yazidi community, visited the Murugan Temple of North America in Washington, D.C.

In October 2014, Baba Sheikh Khurto Hajji Ismail, the spiritual leader of the Yazidi community, visited the Murugan Temple of North America in Washington, D.C. This visit was deeply symbolic, highlighting the shared reverence for the peacock in both Yazidi and Hindu traditions. In Yazidism, the peacock symbolizes Melek Taus, the Peacock Angel, while in Hinduism, the peacock is associated with Lord Murugan (also known as Subramanya or Kartikeya), who rides a peacock as his vehicle.
Figure 10a. Yazidi and Hindu traditions, generated by AI
Figure 10b. Yazidi and Hindu traditions, generated by AI
During his visit, Baba Sheikh participated in the Skanda Sashti Soora Samharam ceremony, a significant event in the Hindu calendar that celebrates Lord Murugan's victory over demonic forces. He observed the rituals and offered prayers for global peace, emphasizing the Yazidi commitment to harmony and non-violence. This event underscored the spiritual connections between the two ancient faiths, particularly their shared symbolism of the peacock representing divine beauty and guidance. The visit also served as a gesture of solidarity and a call for mutual respect among different religious communities. The visit of Baba Sheikh Khurto Hajji Ismail, the spiritual leader of the Yazidi community, to the Murugan Temple of North America in Washington, D.C., serves as a profound symbol of interfaith harmony and shared spiritual values. Both Yazidism and Hinduism revere the peacock as a divine symbol, with the Yazidis associating it with Melek Taus, the Peacock Angel, and Hindus connecting it to Lord Murugan, a deity of wisdom and victory. This visit, highlighted by the observation of the Skanda Sashti Soora Samharam rituals, emphasized the Yazidi leader's message of peace and unity. By participating in the Hindu ceremonies, Baba Sheikh reinforced the Yazidis' commitment to non-violence and global harmony, fostering a dialogue of mutual respect between these ancient traditions. The visit of Baba Sheikh to the Murugan Temple highlights the enduring power of shared symbols and values in bridging cultural and religious divides. Through his participation in the rituals and prayers for peace, the Yazidi leader demonstrated the potential for interfaith engagements to promote mutual understanding and harmony. This event underscores the importance of focusing on commonalities—such as the reverence for the peacock in Yazidism and Hinduism—as a means of fostering dialogue and collaboration among diverse faiths. In a world often marked by division, such gestures of solidarity remind us of the unifying power of spirituality and the shared human aspiration for peace and coexistence. The Yazidi traditional texts and Hindu ritual texts, though rooted in vastly different historical and geographical contexts, share some conceptual similarities. These connections arise from their common reverence for divine cosmic order, symbolic rituals, and oral traditions. Below are some detailed points of comparison:

1. Oral Transmission of Sacred Knowledge

Yazidi Tradition: Yazidis rely heavily on oral traditions to pass down their sacred hymns and prayers. These include the Qewls, which are religious chants or hymns describing the creation of the world, the role of Melek Taus, and moral guidance. The Mishefa Reş (Black Book) and Kitêba Cilwe (Book of Revelation) are considered sacred texts but are often supplemented by oral recitations from religious leaders. Hindu Tradition: Hindu Vedic texts, like the Rigveda, were originally transmitted orally in Sanskrit. The precise chanting of these texts, with specific intonations (Swara), is crucial in preserving their spiritual potency. Ritualistic texts like the Yajurveda (focused on sacrificial rites) are designed for practical guidance during rituals and are recited during ceremonies. Similarity: Both traditions emphasize oral transmission and the vibrational power of spoken words in connecting with the divine. The use of rhythmic chanting or hymns as a form of worship and remembrance is central to both traditions.

2. Use of Hymns and Ritual Chants

Yazidi Hymns: The Qewls are central to Yazidi rituals, often sung by Qewals (religious singers) using traditional instruments like the tambour. These hymns praise Melek Taus and invoke divine blessings, often reflecting themes of creation, cosmic balance, and moral guidance. Hindu Ritual Chants: The Samhitas, particularly the Rigveda, consist of hymns dedicated to various deities like Agni (fire) and Indra. In rituals dedicated to Lord Subramanya, Sanskrit mantras like the Skanda Sashti Kavacham are recited to invoke his blessings and protection. Similarity: Both traditions use hymns and chants as integral parts of worship, focusing on praise, cosmic order, and divine guidance. The poetic and musical quality of these texts plays a similar role in enhancing their spiritual and communal function.

3. Symbolism of Light and Fire

Yazidi Texts: Yazidis regard light as sacred, symbolizing divine knowledge and purity. Ritual texts and hymns emphasize the role of oil lamps in illuminating spiritual truth. References to the sacred fire of Lalish, where lamps are lit as an offering to Melek Taus, are central to Yazidi practice. Hindu Texts: Fire (Agni) is one of the most revered elements in Hindu rituals. The Yajurveda contains detailed instructions for fire sacrifices (Yajnas) to honor deities and purify the surroundings. Texts like the Agni Purana and Skanda Purana describe the lighting of lamps in temples and homes to dispel darkness and ignorance. Similarity: Both traditions view light and fire as conduits for divine connection, emphasizing their use in rituals for purification and enlightenment.

4. Connection with Nature

Yazidi Texts: Yazidi hymns often refer to the natural world, viewing mountains, springs, and trees as sacred. The association with Lalish as a divine mountain reflects this spiritual connection to nature. The peacock, as a representation of Melek Taus, symbolizes the beauty and harmony of creation. Hindu Texts: Hindu scriptures like the Atharvaveda and the Upanishads emphasize harmony with nature, praising the elements (earth, water, fire, air, and ether) as divine manifestations. Lord Subramanya is often worshiped in natural settings like hills and forests, with texts describing his divine connection to these landscapes. Similarity: Both traditions incorporate natural elements into their rituals and texts, reflecting a shared reverence for the natural world as a manifestation of the divine.

5. Moral and Ethical Teachings

Yazidi Texts: The Kitêba Cilwe contains moral teachings attributed to Melek Taus, focusing on personal responsibility, kindness, and living in harmony with divine will. Hindu Texts: Texts like the Bhagavad Gita emphasize dharma (righteous living), selflessness, and devotion to the divine. Ritual texts also embed ethical teachings, often guiding the devotee to align their actions with cosmic order. Similarity: Both traditions use their sacred texts not only for rituals but also as a means of imparting ethical guidance and spiritual discipline. The ritual texts of Yazidis and Hindus reveal profound similarities in their use of hymns, chants, and symbolic elements like light and nature. Both traditions emphasize oral transmission, the vibrational power of words, and a connection to cosmic and natural harmony. These shared aspects underline a universal quest for spiritual enlightenment and moral living, bridging their cultural and geographical differences. The Yazidi traditional texts and Hindu ritual texts, though rooted in vastly different historical and geographical contexts, share some conceptual similarities. These connections arise from their common reverence for divine cosmic order, symbolic rituals, and oral traditions. Below are some detailed points of comparison:

Detailed Exploration of Yazidi Music, Instruments, and Dance

1. Yazidi Music

Role of Music in Yazidi Culture

Music is integral to Yazidi religious and cultural identity, serving both spiritual and social purposes. It preserves oral traditions and conveys religious teachings, history, and moral values. Sacred hymns (Qewls) form the backbone of Yazidi music, often sung during rituals, festivals, and significant life events.

Key Characteristics of Yazidi Music

  1. Spiritual Focus: Music accompanies prayers and rituals, creating an atmosphere of devotion and contemplation. Themes in Yazidi music often revolve around creation myths, cosmic harmony, and the virtues of Melek Taus.
  2. Repetition and Rhythm: Repetitive patterns and rhythmic beats enhance the meditative and spiritual quality of their music.

Traditional Instruments

    Tambour: A long-necked lute, essential in performing Qewls. Played by religious musicians (Qewals), it adds a melodic and solemn tone to hymns. Daf: A frame drum, often used during rituals and communal gatherings. Its deep, resonant sound adds rhythm and vibrancy to ceremonies. Zurna: A wind instrument similar to a reed flute. Occasionally used during festivals, its sharp and festive tone contrasts the meditative tambour.

2. Yazidi Dance

Symbolism in Yazidi Dance

Dance is a communal act of spiritual and social expression. Circular dances symbolize unity and the interconnectedness of life, reflecting Yazidi cosmology.

Types of Dance

Ritualistic Dance: Performed during religious ceremonies and pilgrimages, especially at Lalish. Movements are synchronized, slow, and deliberate, embodying devotion and reverence. Festive Dance: Celebratory dances performed during festivals like Sere Sal (New Year) or the Feast of the Assembly. Accompanied by tambour and daf, these dances feature faster rhythms and joyful expressions.

Structure of Yazidi Dance

Formation: Dancers form circles or semi-circles, holding hands or linking arms. Gender Roles: Both men and women participate, though their roles may vary depending on the occasion. Movements: Steps often mimic natural elements (e.g., flowing water or the rising sun), symbolizing the Yazidis' connection to nature.

3. Key Festivals Featuring Music and Dance

  1. Feast of the Assembly (Cejna Cemaiya): Held annually at Lalish, this week-long festival is the most important Yazidi celebration. Music and dance play a central role, with pilgrims participating in rhythmic circle dances and communal singing.
  2. New Year (Sere Sal): Celebrated in April, it involves decorating homes with flowers, lighting oil lamps, and performing joyful dances. The festivities mark renewal and the beginning of a new cycle, with music and dance reflecting themes of hope and harmony. Music and dance during the celebrations express gratitude and spiritual devotion.
  3. Ezi Day: Dedicated to Sultan Ezid, this day involves fasting, prayers, and communal feasting.

4. Connection Between Music, Dance, and Spirituality

Sacred Connection

The repetitive and melodic nature of Yazidi music creates a meditative state, helping participants connect with the divine. Dance movements complement the music, making the spiritual experience more immersive and communal.

Preservation of Identity

Both music and dance act as cultural anchors, preserving Yazidi heritage and fostering community bonds. Yazidi music and dance are not just artistic expressions but deeply spiritual practices that connect the community to their faith, traditions, and each other. From the solemn hymns of the tambour to the rhythmic unity of circular dances, these elements encapsulate the Yazidi worldview of harmony, unity, and reverence for the divine.

Comparative Analysis: Yazidi Music, Dance, and Cultural Practices with Similar Traditions

The Yazidi practices of music and dance, deeply embedded in their spiritual and cultural identity, share notable parallels with other traditions worldwide. Below is a comparative analysis with examples from various cultures and faiths.

1. Music: Yazidi Hymns and Global Parallels

Yazidi Hymns (Qewls)

Characteristics: Sung in Kurmanji, these hymns are poetic, rhythmic, and deeply spiritual. They recount the Yazidi cosmology, creation myths, and moral lessons. Sung primarily by Qewals, they are accompanied by tambour and daf, creating a solemn and meditative atmosphere.

Parallels in Other Cultures

  1. Vedic Chanting (Hindu Tradition): Similar to Yazidi hymns, Vedic hymns are sacred oral traditions passed down for millennia. Chanted in Sanskrit, these hymns are rhythmic and emphasize precise pronunciation, often accompanied by simple instruments like veena or flute during rituals. As an example Rigveda hymns praise cosmic forces like Agni (fire) and Surya (sun), akin to Yazidi hymns celebrating Melek Taus and cosmic harmony.
  2. Gregorian Chants (Christian Tradition): Performed by choirs or monks, Gregorian chants feature repetitive and meditative tones, much like Yazidi hymns. These chants are unaccompanied and focus on spiritual reflection, similar to the Yazidi Qewls' meditative effect.
  3. Sufi Qawwali (Islamic Tradition): Sufi Qawwalis are devotional songs that use repetitive verses to create a trance-like state, drawing parallels to Yazidi hymns' spiritual resonance. Instruments like the harmonium and tabla accompany these songs, resembling Yazidi tambour and daf.

2. Dance: Yazidi Circular Dances and Global Comparisons

Yazidi Circular Dances

Symbolize unity, life cycles, and connection to nature. Often performed in a closed or semi-circular formation during festivals and rituals. Movements mimic natural elements like flowing water or rising sun, reflecting Yazidi cosmology.

Parallels in Other Cultures

Garba and Dandiya Raas (Hindu Tradition): Traditional dances from Gujarat, India, performed in circular formations. Dancers often move in sync with rhythmic beats, symbolizing cosmic energy and unity, similar to Yazidi dance. It is celebrated during festivals like Navratri, these dances emphasize communal harmony. Hora (Balkan and Jewish Tradition): A traditional circular dance performed at weddings and celebrations in Balkan and Jewish communities. It represents unity and collective joy, akin to Yazidi communal dances during the Feast of the Assembly. Native American Circle Dance: Performed during tribal ceremonies, the circle dance connects participants with nature and spiritual forces. The movements often mimic animals or natural elements, resonating with Yazidi dance's mimicry of natural cycles.

3. Pilgrimage to Sacred Sites

Yazidi Tradition:

The annual pilgrimage to Lalish, their holiest site, is a core Yazidi practice. Pilgrims walk barefoot to honor the sanctity of the site, lighting lamps, praying, and performing rituals to renew their spiritual connection.

Parallels:

Hindu Pilgrimage (Tirtha Yatra): Hindus undertake pilgrimages to sacred sites like Tirupati, Kashi, or Palani, often walking barefoot to show devotion. Rituals include bathing in sacred rivers (e.g., the Ganges) and performing prayers at the deity's sanctum. Islamic Hajj: The Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca is central to Islam, involving rituals such as walking around the Kaaba (Tawaf) and standing at Mount Arafat. Jewish Pilgrimage to Jerusalem: Ancient Jewish pilgrims traveled to the Temple in Jerusalem during festivals like Passover, Shavuot, and Sukkot.

3. Ritual Singing of Hymns (Qewls)

Yazidi Tradition:

The singing of Qewls (sacred hymns) is a key aspect of Yazidi rituals. These hymns are performed by Qewals (religious singers) during festivals, weddings, and funerals, often accompanied by tambour and daf.

Parallels:

Hindu Vedic Chanting: Vedic hymns are chanted during rituals and ceremonies, with an emphasis on precision and intonation to invoke divine blessings. The Gayatri Mantra or hymns from the Yajurveda is an example of the Vedic chanting. Sufi Qawwali: Performed at Sufi shrines, Qawwali hymns are devotional songs that evoke a spiritual connection with the divine. Gregorian Chants (Christian Tradition): Monastic orders in Christianity perform Gregorian chants, which are meditative and focus on spiritual reflection.

4. Use of Sacred Symbols

Yazidi Tradition:

The peacock symbolizes Melek Taus, representing divine beauty, wisdom, and guidance. Snakes are revered as protectors, often linked to the legend of the black snake saving the Yazidis by sealing the entrance to Lalish during a threat.

Parallels:

Hindu Symbols: The peacock is the vehicle (vahana) of Lord Murugan (Subramanya), representing victory over ignorance. Nagas (serpents) are worshipped as symbols of fertility, protection, and the cyclical nature of life. Chinese Dragon Symbolism: In Chinese culture, dragons (similar to snakes in symbolism) are revered as protectors and bringers of prosperity. Native American Animal Totems: Animals like snakes and birds are central to Native American spirituality, often representing guidance, protection, or transformation.

5. Communal Feasts and Celebrations

Yazidi Tradition:

During festivals like Ezi Day or Sere Sal, communal feasts are held to foster unity and express gratitude to Melek Taus. Traditional foods and offerings are shared among families and communities. Hindu Festivals like Diwali and Thai Pongal include communal meals and food offerings, symbolizing gratitude and abundance. Jewish Passover, the Seder meal involves specific foods and rituals, symbolizing freedom and unity. Christian Eucharist involves the communal breaking of bread and sharing of wine during Eucharistic services reflects spiritual unity and gratitude.

6. Connection to Nature

Yazidi Tradition:

Nature plays a central role in Yazidi rituals, with sacred sites like mountains, springs, and trees forming the backdrop for ceremonies. Festivals often align with natural cycles, such as the renewal of life in spring. Shinto rituals n Japana often take place in natural settings like forests, rivers, or mountains, reflecting a deep respect for nature. Celtic Druidism are often held in sacred groves and natural landmarks. In Hinduism, rivers like the Ganges and mountains like Kailash are considered sacred and are integral to rituals and mythology. The Yazidi rituals and symbols resonate with a universal spiritual language found in many cultures and traditions. Their emphasis on light, nature, sacred hymns, and communal harmony underscores humanity's shared aspirations for connection with the divine and the natural world. These parallels not only highlight the richness of Yazidi culture but also serve as a bridge for fostering interfaith understanding.

1. Ritual of Lighting Lamps

Yazidi Tradition:

Yazidis light oil lamps at Lalish Temple as part of their prayers and rituals. The lamps symbolize divine light, guidance, and purity, connecting the worshipper to Melek Taus and the divine presence. Lamp lighting is integral during festivals such as the Feast of the Assembly and Sere Sal (New Year).

Parallels:

Hindu Aarti Ceremony: Oil lamps are lit during the Aarti ritual in Hindu temples and homes, symbolizing the removal of darkness (ignorance) and welcoming divine knowledge. Performed at sunrise and sunset, Aarti often involves lamps moved in a circular motion before the deity. Christian Candle-Lighting: In Christian traditions, candles are lit in churches during services or personal prayers to symbolize Christ as the light of the world. Buddhist Butter Lamps: Tibetan Buddhists light butter lamps in monasteries to signify the dispelling of ignorance and the illumination of wisdom. The Yazidi rituals, symbols, and practices reveal deep connections to universal themes of light, nature, unity, and divine guidance. These practices resonate with similar traditions worldwide, showcasing humanity's shared spiritual aspirations. Their rituals not only preserve their identity but also offer a bridge for interfaith understanding and respect.

Peacock Symbolism: Yazidi vs. Hindu Traditions

1. In Yazidi Tradition

Representation: The peacock symbolizes Melek Taus, the Peacock Angel, the central figure in Yazidi theology. Melek Taus is revered as a messenger of God and the caretaker of the universe. Symbolism:
  1. Beauty and Harmony: The peacock represents the divine beauty and order of creation.
  2. Wisdom: Melek Taus is associated with guiding humanity with wisdom and compassion.
  3. Light: The radiant feathers of the peacock symbolize the illumination of divine knowledge.
Cultural Use:
  1. Found in Yazidi art, carvings, and ceremonial objects.
  2. Incorporated in oral hymns (Qewls), where its vibrant colors are tied to cosmic harmony.

2. In Hindu Tradition

Representation: The peacock is the vahana (vehicle) of Lord Subramanya (Murugan), the deity of wisdom, war, and victory. Lord Subramanya is often depicted riding a peacock, holding a spear (Vel), symbolizing his triumph over evil. Symbolism:
  1. Victory: The peacock signifies the conquest of ego, ignorance, and evil forces.
  2. Purity and Grace: Its elegant appearance represents purity and the graceful balance of creation.
  3. Spiritual Awakening: The peacock’s feathers, adorned with “eyes,” are seen as a metaphor for divine vision and enlightenment.
Cultural Use:
  1. Peacock motifs are prominent in Hindu temples, particularly those dedicated to Subramanya (e.g., Palani Temple in Tamil Nadu).
Festivals like Thai Poosam feature peacock processions as an homage to Lord Murugan.

Shared Symbolism

Peacock Symbolism in Other Cultures

1. Christianity

  1. Symbol: Resurrection and immortality.
  2. Significance: The peacock’s ability to renew its feathers annually became a symbol of eternal life and resurrection in Christian art.
  3. Use: Found in early Christian mosaics and church decorations.

2. Persian Tradition

  1. Symbol: Paradise and divine kingship.
  2. Significance: The peacock represented grandeur and immortality, often linked to royalty and paradise in Persian art and mythology.

3. Chinese Culture

  1. Symbol: Dignity, power, and beauty.
  2. Significance: The peacock is associated with elegance, love, and feminine grace in Chinese art and folklore.

4. Native American Traditions

Symbol: Protection and vision. Significance: Feathers of birds like peacocks were used in rituals to symbolize spiritual vision and protection.

Peacock in Rituals and Art

Yazidi Rituals

Role: Peacock feathers are often depicted in sacred art and used symbolically during prayers and hymns. Decorations in Lalish Temple emphasize the peacock as a bridge between humanity and the divine.

Hindu Rituals

Role: Processions featuring peacock motifs are common during festivals honoring Lord Subramanya. The Vel Kavadi ritual during Thai Poosam features devotees carrying structures adorned with peacock feathers as offerings.

Cosmic and Spiritual Interpretations

Universal Vision: The “eyes” on peacock feathers symbolize divine vision and omnipresence, a shared concept across many spiritual traditions. Harmony in Diversity: The vibrant and multicolored feathers reflect unity in diversity, emphasizing cosmic balance and inclusivity. The peacock is a universal symbol bridging traditions and cultures, embodying beauty, wisdom, and divine power. In Yazidi tradition, it represents Melek Taus and cosmic guidance, while in Hinduism, it is integral to Lord Subramanya’s mythology of victory and enlightenment. Its recurring presence in art, rituals, and mythology across global cultures highlights shared spiritual ideals, emphasizing the interconnectedness of humanity’s quest for divine harmony.

The Lalish temple

The Lalish Temple, the holiest site of the Yazidi community, is located in a mountainous region in northern Iraq, near the town of Shekhan. While Lalish itself is not directly alongside a significant water body, it does feature sacred springs and streams within its premises that hold great spiritual importance to Yazidis.

Key Water Features at Lalish

Kaniya Spî (The White Spring): This spring is considered sacred and is integral to rituals and purification ceremonies. Pilgrims often wash in the spring as a symbolic act of spiritual cleansing before entering the temple. The Sacred Stream: A small stream runs through the Lalish Valley, contributing to the serene and spiritual atmosphere. The flowing water is seen as a symbol of purity and life, playing a role in certain Yazidi rituals. Ritual Use of Water: Water from these springs is often used in blessings and anointment ceremonies. The springs also serve as a point of gathering for pilgrims, emphasizing the community’s connection to nature.

Comparison with Temples Alongside Water

Unlike Hindu temples such as Tiruchendur Temple (located by the sea) or Kashi Vishwanath Temple (on the banks of the Ganges), Lalish is nestled in a natural valley without a large adjacent water body. However, its sacred springs symbolize a similar connection to the life-giving and purifying aspects of water. Lalish Temple, the holiest site for the Yazidi community, is nestled within a serene mountain valley in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. This sacred location is surrounded by natural beauty, featuring rolling hills and lush landscapes. These images capture the temple's unique architecture and its harmonious integration with the natural environment, providing a glimpse into the tranquil setting that holds profound spiritual significance for the Yazidi people. The peacock, as a symbol of divine beauty, wisdom, and cosmic harmony, stands as a powerful emblem connecting the spiritual traditions of Yazidism and Hinduism. For Yazidis, the peacock represents Melek Taus, the Peacock Angel, who embodies divine guidance and the balance of creation. For Hindus, the peacock is the vahana (vehicle) of Lord Subramanya, symbolizing victory over ignorance and the triumph of enlightenment. Despite being rooted in distinct cultural and geographical contexts, the shared reverence for the peacock reflects a universal human aspiration for spiritual beauty and connection to the divine. This study of Yazidi and Hindu practices reveals common threads: the peacock’s role in hymns, rituals, and sacred art underscores its significance as a bridge between humanity and the cosmos. The parallels between the traditions—such as the symbolism of light, victory, and cosmic order—highlight the shared values of spiritual harmony and the pursuit of higher wisdom. Moreover, the peacock’s depiction in rituals and festivals emphasizes its role as a unifying symbol of hope and renewal. By exploring the deep-seated symbolism of the peacock in these traditions, we uncover a broader truth: that symbols like the peacock transcend individual faiths, resonating across cultures as a representation of shared spiritual ideals. This universality fosters interfaith understanding and reminds us of the interconnectedness of human beliefs, reflecting a collective yearning for divine beauty and harmony.

References in Chicago Style

Books

Chittick, William C. The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn al-Arabi's Metaphysics of Imagination. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989. Subramuniyaswami, Satguru Sivaya. Dancing with Siva: Hinduism's Contemporary Catechism. Kapaa: Himalayan Academy Publications, 1997.

Journals

Jones, Lindsay. "Symbolism of the Peacock: A Comparative Study of Yazidi and Hindu Religious Practices." Journal of Comparative Religions 28, no. 3 (2014): 250–265. Murphy, Joseph E. "The Yazidis' Connection with the Divine: An Anthropological Perspective." Religious Studies Review 42, no. 2 (2017): 135–146..

YouTube

Yezidi Baba Sheikh Visits Murugan Temple in Washington DC. YouTube Video, 3:15. Published October 14, 2014..

Government and Private Reports

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Global Report on Religious Harmony and Yazidi Resettlement. Geneva: UNHCR, 2020. International Peace Institute. Interfaith Engagement for Global Peacebuilding. New York: IPI, 2019.

Open Educational Resources (OERs)

OpenStax. World Religions: A Comparative Overview. Rice University, 2019.. UNESCO. Heritage and Sacred Spaces: Understanding Shared Symbolism. Paris: UNESCO, 2018..

Other Internet Resources

Peacock Angel. "Yezidi Baba Sheikh’s Visit to the Murugan Temple of North America." Last modified October 2014. Murugan Temple of North America. "Skanda Sashti Soora Samharam: Celebrating Lord Murugan." Accessed January 20, 2025.

References for Peacock Symbolism and Traditions

Books

Chittick, William C. The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn al-Arabi's Metaphysics of Imagination. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989. Subramuniyaswami, Satguru Sivaya. Dancing with Siva: Hinduism's Contemporary Catechism. Kapaa: Himalayan Academy Publications, 1997. Flood, Gavin. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Journals

Jones, Lindsay. "Symbolism of the Peacock: A Comparative Study of Yazidi and Hindu Religious Practices." Journal of Comparative Religions 28, no. 3 (2014): 250–265. Murphy, Joseph E. "The Yazidis' Connection with the Divine: An Anthropological Perspective." Religious Studies Review 42, no. 2 (2017): 135–146..

Websites and Articles

Peacock Angel. "The Role of the Peacock in Yazidi and Hindu Traditions." Accessed January 25, 2025. Murugan Temple of North America. "The Symbolism of Lord Murugan’s Peacock." Accessed January 25, 2025.

YouTube

Yezidi Baba Sheikh Visits Murugan Temple in Washington DC. YouTube Video, 3:15. Published October 14, 2014..

Government and Private Reports

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Sacred Symbols Across Cultures: A Comparative Analysis. Paris: UNESCO, 2021. International Institute for Peace Studies. Religious Harmony and the Role of Symbols. New York: IIPS, 2020.

Open Educational Resources (OERs)

OpenStax. World Religions: A Comparative Overview. Rice University, 2019.
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